Critique of Pure Reason

Author(s)

• Immanuel Kant

The Critique of Pure Reason, first published in 1781 with a second edition in 1787, has been called the most influential and important philosophical text of the modern age.

Kant saw the Critique of Pure Reason as an attempt to bridge the gap between rationalism (there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience) and empiricism (sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge) and, in particular, to counter the radical empiricism of David Hume (our beliefs are purely the result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences). Using the methods of science, Kant demonstrates that though each mind may, indeed, create its own universe, those universes are guided by certain common laws, which are rationally discernible. (Summary by Ticktockman)

1. Preface to the First Edition, 1781
2. Preface to the Second Edition, 1787
3. Introduction
4. Transcendental Doctrine of Elements--Space
5. Transcendental Doctrine of Elements--Time
6. Transcendental Logic
7. Transcendental Analytic
8. Deduction of the Pure Conceptions
9. Transcendental Deduction of the Pure Conceptions
10. Application of the Categories to Objects of the Senses
11. Analytic of Principles/Schematism
12. System of All Principles of the Pure Understanding
13. Systematic Representation of All Synthetical Principles/1st Analogy
14. Second Analogy
15. Third Analogy
16. The Postulates of Empirical Thought
17. Division of All Objects into Phenomena and Noumena
18. Of the Equivocal Nature of Amphiboly
19. Remark on the Amphiboly of the Conceptions of Reflections
20. Transcendental Dialectic: Introduction
21. Of the Conceptions of Pure Reason
22. Of the Dialectical Procedure of Pure Reason
23. Of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason
24. The Antinomy of Pure Reason
25. Antithetic of Pure Reason/1st & 2nd Conflicts
26. 3rd & 4th Conflict of the Transcendental Ideas
27. Of the Interest of Reason in these Self-Contradictions
28. Of the Necessity Imposed upon Pure Reason of Presenting a Solution of its Transcendental Problems
29. Critical Solution of the Cosmological Problem
30. Empirical Use of the Regulative Principle of Reason with regard to the Cosmological Ideas
31. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Deduction of Cosmical Events from their Causes
32. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Phenomenal Existences
33. The Ideal of Pure Reason
34. Of the Arguments Employed by Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being
35. Of the Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God
36. Of the Impossibility of a Physico-Theological Proof
37. Of the Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason
38. Of the Ultimate End of the Natural Dialectic of Human Reason
39. Transcendental Doctrine of Method
40. Discipline of Pure Reason in the Sphere of Dogmatism
41. Discipline of Pure Reason in Polemics
42. Discipline of Pure Reason in Hypothesis
43. Discipline of Pure Reason in Relation to Proofs
44. The Canon of Pure Reason
45. Ideal of the Summum Bonum as a Determining Ground of the Ultimate End of Pure Reason
46. Of Opinion, Knowledge, and Belief
47. The Architectonic of Pure Reason
48. The History of Pure Reason